Whats in a Name? Part 2 Arawakan Languages and Dialect Friday 10|04|2019

The Meanings are in the names our Ancestors called themselves. When someone else names you, they own and control you. So what are we saying we take on a name someone other than our Mother gave us.
Cherokee, Sioux, Creek, Blackfoot, Moore, Negro, Black,African American are the names someones father (not ours) gave our ancestors. Are we saying who our Daddy is when we take on a name our mother did not give us?


This article is about the Maipurean languages, or Arawakan proper. For the Araucanian language family spoken in the Patagonia, see Araucanian languages.
Arawakan
Maipurean
Geographic
distribution From every country in South America, except Ecuador, Uruguay and Chile, to Central America and the Caribbean (migration path)
Linguistic classification Macro-Arawakan ?

Arawakan

Subdivisions

Northern
Southern

ISO 639-5 awd
Glottolog araw1281[1]
Arawak-Languages.png

Maipurean languages in South America (Caribbean and Central America not included): North-Maipurean (pale blue) and South-Maipurean (deeper blue). Spots represent location of extant languages, and shadowed areas show probable earlier locations.

Arawakan (Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper), also known as Maipurean (also Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America. Branches migrated to Central America and the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, including what is now the Bahamas. Only present-day Ecuador, Uruguay, and Chile did not have peoples who spoke Arawakan languages. Maipurean may be related to other language families in a hypothetical Macro-Arawakan stock.

The name Maipure was given to the family by Filippo S. Gilij in 1782, after the Maipure language of Venezuela, which he used as a basis of his comparisons. It was renamed after the culturally more important Arawak language a century later. The term Arawak took over, until its use was extended by North American scholars to the broader Macro-Arawakan proposal. At that time, the name Maipurean was resurrected for the core family. See Arawakan vs Maipurean for details.
Contents



1 Languages
1.1 Kaufman (1994)
1.2 Aikhenvald (1999)
1.3 Walker & Ribeiro (2011)
2 Arawakan vs. Maipurean
3 Characteristics
4 Phonology
5 Shared morphological traits
5.1 General morphological type
5.2 Alienable and inalienable possession
5.3 Classifiers
5.4 Subject and object cross-referencing on the verb
6 Some examples
7 Geographic distribution
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links

Languages

Classification of Maipurean is difficult because of the large number of Arawakan languages that are extinct and poorly documented. However, apart from transparent relationships that might constitute single languages, several groups of Maipurean languages are generally accepted by scholars. Many classifications agree in dividing Maipurean into northern and southern branches, but perhaps not all languages fit into one or the other. The three classifications below are accepted by all:

Ta-Maipurean = Caribbean Arawak / Ta-Arawak = Caribbean Maipuran,
Upper Amazon Maipurean = North Amazonian Arawak = Inland Maipuran,
Central Maipurean = Pareci–Xingu = Paresí–Waurá = Central Maipuran,
Piro = Purus,
Campa = Pre-Andean Maipurean = Pre-Andine Maipuran.

An early contrast between Ta-Arawak and Nu-Arawak, depending on the prefix for "I", is spurious; nu- is the ancestral form for the entire family, and ta- is an innovation of one branch of the family.
Kaufman (1994)

The following (tentative) classification is from Kaufman (1994: 57-60). Details of established branches are given in the linked articles. In addition to the family tree detailed below, there are a few languages that are "Non-Maipurean Arawakan languages or too scantily known to classify" (Kaufman 1994: 58), which include these:

Shebaye (†)
Lapachu (†)
Morique (also known as Morike) (†)

Another language is also mentioned as "Arawakan":

Salumã (also known as Salumán, Enawené-Nawé)

Including the unclassified languages mentioned above, the Maipurean family has about 64 languages. Out of them, 29 languages are now extinct: Wainumá, Mariaté, Anauyá, Amarizana, Jumana, Pasé, Cawishana, Garú, Marawá, Guinao, Yavitero, Maipure, Manao, Kariaí, Waraikú, Yabaána, Wiriná, Aruán, Taíno, Kalhíphona, Marawán-Karipurá, Saraveca, Custenau, Inapari, Kanamaré, Shebaye, Lapachu, and Morique.

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